The Background Of Glaxosmithkline

The Background Of Glaxosmithkline GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is amongst the top 20 FT Global 500 companies and among the top 5 pharmaceutical companies in the world. GSK develops, produces and promotes in two industry sectors: Pharmaceuticals and Consumer Healthcare. The company, through its Pharmaceuticals segment, focuses on provides prescription pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Its Consumer Healthcare segment provides OTC medicines, Oral healthcare and Nutritional healthcare (Datamonitor, 2005). The company mainly operates in 120 countries and its promotion is done in over 150 countries. Its headquarter is in Brentford, UK and employees are 99,913 as of December 31, 2009. GSKs history goes as far back as 1859 when Beecham opened the worlds first factory built solely for making medicines at St Helens in England. Since that time the group has passed through many phases, but the turning point came during the merger of Glaxo Welcome and SmithKline Beecham in 2000, it had also seen a merger of Glaxo and Welcome in 1995 (Glaxo, 1998). There was a main impact on the society, structure, stakeholders and policy of the company due to this combination. The company recorded revenues of  £28,368 million ($44,422.3 million-) during the financial year (FY) ended December 2009, an increase of 16.5% over FY2008. The operating profit of the company was  £8,425 million ($13,193 million-) during FY2009, an increase of 18% over FY2008. The net profit was  £5,669 million ($8,877.3 million-) in FY2009, an increase of 20.3% over FY2008. Calculated using the constant conversion rate of  £1 = $1.56593 for the year ended December 31, 2009. (Source: http://www.researchandmarkets.com) Improvement is at the spirit of GSKs aims and the company promotes this through its exceptional culture. The objective of the company as described by its Annual Report 2009 is to become the undisputable leader in the pharmaceutical and consumer health industry (Glaxo, 2009). The strategies of GSK is to paying attention the business around the deliverance of three strategies priorities-Grow a diversified universal business- Broadening and matching their portfol io, diversifying into latest products areas and capturing chances that exist outside their recognized geographic footprint. Distribute more products of value- Transforming R D to make sure they not only deliver the urgent pipeline but are also capable to uphold the stream of products for days to come. Simplifying the working model- to make sure that is well for purpose and capable to maintain their business in the most cost efficient manner. (http://www.gsk.co.uk) 02. Changes are being affected by the Economy Strategic development effects the company in different ways. To evaluate atmosphere of any organization we have to understand the connection with different problems and matter with one another and the outcome of that particular areas. It includes the characteristic those are political (taxason policy, foreign trade regulation, government stability), economical (unemployment, disposable income), social (life style change, level of education), technological (government spending on research, speed of technology transfer), environmental (companys responsibility to society) and legislative (code of practice, access to raw materials) factors. There has been extensive research into the possible impact of freedom of global trade by World Trade Organization (WTO). for China. In 2005 China announced the ending of some of the remain quota systems existing on different segments. This has assist the process of globalization in support of moral drug manufacturers like GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and also opened up a marketplace of 1.29 billion inhabitants. It has been estimated that in 2004 the global pharmaceutical market was worth  £ 275 billion, with projections showing an annual global sales growth of 6% over the following five years (Datamonitor, 2005). Illustration upon Pollack (2005), it can be stated that the majority of the sales in the industry originate from the Triad countries i.e. US, EU and Japan. The strength of economy is a vital power on the level of flexible buying and how greatly is spent on requirement purchases. The following graph and the table of figures have been made with the help of data taken from ONS (2005 ). The UK industry cycle (HM Treasury, 2005) shows that the existing cycle in progress in the early 1999; pointed in 2001 and afterward saw its lowest point in 2003. This is excellent news for all the businesses in UK as these cycles have fewer impact on them now than before. The illustration of the UK business cycle adopted from HM Treasury Report 2005 is provided as follows: National Health Service (NHS) has expected that healthcare expenditure growth will continue fairly stable till 2014, growing at the price of 7% every year (NHS, 2005). This chart growth in the healthcare spending can be seen has a chance for ethical drug manufacturers like GSK. The existence of price control has limited the revenues that the research-based companies can make from their patented products. There are stringent government regulations that govern the entry to pharmaceutical industry. (Debra Sivakumar, 2004). Thus it can be fulfilled that the rising costs, stringent laws, increasing basic competition and declining innovation are the main reasons for the post merger combination changes in the RD division by the administration of GSK. 03.An Evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the GlaxoSmithKline Every organization has their Strengths and Weaknesses. After an analysis of GlaxoSmithKline the following strengths and weaknesses has find out. Strengths The major strength of GlaxoSmithKline is its well-built RD development with a broad therapeutic exposure and its Marketing power in key geographical and therapeutic areas. The company is extreme less incorporated than the other big business that which makes them additional flexible compared to others. It has a big business structure. GSK drive its business not only in UK but in many countries all over the world. It has accessible Patent security for a number of years on key products. Quality management team and large highly skilled work force increased the companys status. Its Revenues up 8.5% since 2005 and Profits up 13.3% since 2005. Sound investment made the company worldwide positioned 2 in the pharmaceutical manufacturing. Plans to offer 25 new drugs in next 2 years might be the strengths. Weaknesses GlaxoSmithKline is an industry leader. Although their products are renowned, GSK is not a well known brand name. Public reflection in US is reduced after efforts to limit re-sale of drugs from Canada to US. High debt to equity share is their weakness thats raising cost of sales. Hammering of 11 products in period II testing. Internet sales from Canada to US decrease sales straight to US. The company has low market domination. Irregularity of attractive promotions is another weakness of GSK. The company is highly depending on only some selected products. For the main focus on UK marketplace losing opportunities. In the final stages of progress the company has discontinuation of some products. Their Co-marketing agreement can decrease GSKs worldwide presence. Enlarged size and operational difficulty makes GSK a less responsive company. (Source: http://www.allfreeessays.com) 04. Comparison of the alternatives form of Organization Development The merger of 2000 can be seen as the proper use of sigmoid curve (Handy, 1994), as the company started a new curve before the first one declined. Both the companies had the time, capital and power to get the next curve through its early struggle before the first curve declines. But it was the practice and management potential of both the companies that direct them through a winning change management plan. This combination can be shown as follows: Considering these outside stimulus the CEO of the company Jean-Pierre Garnier tried to reconcile the concepts of being big and think small by dividing the RD department into seven centers of excellence for drug discovery (hereafter CEDD) (Financial Times: April 2, 2001). The change can be categorizing as planned map and can be represented on the following diagram: The change condition of the RD division through the post-integration era at GSK can be seen as transformational as it accomplish the five main indicators of transforming alteration given by Ashburner et al. (1996: p. 6). The declared change influenced the culture existing at the sector, changed the relations of operations and RD division, created new leaders inside each CEDDs, changed functions of individuals teams. Moreover, in this change the managing role was positive therefore GSK being the core of RD can be seen as in the designed transformational phase, during the post integration stage of the combination. The varieties of change Model has illustrated below: Figure: Varieties of change Barnard Burns, Managing Change, 5th edition,2009 The culture of repeated align little improvement and consistency defer large results in the structure of compound efficiency improvement. Kaizen method includes building changes and monitoring results, then regulating. Large- scale pre-planning and widespread project developments are replaced by less significant experiments, which can be rapidly modified as new improvements. Stable method may be enhanced by applying a kaizen continuous development program. A remarkable step-change in performance may be achieved by radical re-engineering of the GlaxoSmithKline. Figure: Approaches to Change: Barnard Burns, Managing Change, 5th edition,2009 Changing the behavior of even one individual, that is discontinuing discarded behaviors and /or initiating latest behaviors is a challenge. But large-scale transformation is something else overall. Openly recognizing the step a process has reached in the life cycle offer guidance for practitioners successfully to direct and handle a program of performance development. Hence, in todays universal and dynamic environment patent with hyper-competitive and unstable markets it is widely accepted that an organizations capacity to manage change rapidly, effectively and positively is a important driver of organizational success. 05. Stakeholders Analysis in the Change of GSK Stakeholders are people or organizations who either place to be affected by the project or could make or break the projects winner. They may be winners or loosers, included or excluded from decision-making, users of results, participants in the development. Stakeholders analysis is the identification of a projects key stakeholders a assessment of their interests in the project and the ways in which these interests may affect a project. In order to identify the problem and thus make a sense of importance a stakeholder mapping had done by the industry. The company defined the core and peripheral stakeholders for this change and grouped them together to create a strategy for each group. The diagram explains the company identified the possible impacts on each of its stakeholders and devised a policy to undertake these impacts efficiently that the first step showed scientists and shareholders to be the core in this transform. To make a list of approaching forces (Lewis, 1951), the stakeholders and the impacts measured by the company can be summarized by the following table: In addition, the association of GSK with its key stakeholders was used to prove the plan that was adopted for every set of stakeholders. This has summarized by Power/ Interest Grid for stakeholder prioritization. The intend of each strategy can be seen in this depiction: Hence the company used a comprehensible and mutual vision that acted as a compass that afford ongoing track to the transform journey. Depiction upon Chorn (2004) the vision needs to be clear and widely shared throughout the organization. The mission statement of GlaxoSmithKline according to its most recent annual report is to become the undisputable leader in the pharmaceutical and consumer health industry (Glaxo, 2009). This statement truly captures the strength and intentions of the company. But critics recommend that the mission statements generally are not useful in mobilizing force for the change. 06. An Investigation and Evaluation of the Proposed Change in GSK There are no simple solutions to the challenge to provide sustainable entrance to healthcare in developing countries. GSK are committed to live a full part in addressing the healthcare challenges of the developing world by taking a pioneering, liable and sustainable approach. GSK is playing a essential role to developing country healthcare by action in different areas including: superior pricing of our anti-retrovirals and anti-malarials; tiered pricing of our vaccines; investing in RD that aims diseases mainly affecting the developing world; community investment movements and partnerships that promote effective; and seeking innovative partnerships and solutions. We cover our contribution to improving access to medicines extensively in our Corporate Responsibility Report. We were a clear leader in the first Access to Medicines (ATM Foundation in 2008). In February 2009, they announced a sequence of commitments for the UN named list of least developed countries, including a extra flexible approach to scholar property for investigate into ignored diseases, a promise to invest in healthcare infrastructure. A major increase in property from the worldwide community is still needed to maintain RD and to supply access to the follow-on medicines and vaccines. GSK are working to give access to medicines for people with inadequate financial funds and without prescription drug insurance. Leadership style used in each CEDD and the overall leadership style during this change has been under pressure so that it is aligned with enhancing creativity (Financial Times, 2005). The inspiration of the people was extremely low for many changes going on in a very short period of time. Employees first saw the joining of Galxo and Wellcome in 1995 and then of GlaxoSmithKline in 2000. They had a thought that they were being treated like sales division by raising competition within themselves (Financial Times, Oct 24, 2002). This fall in the motivation of the workers can be seen as what is identified as Denial Stage in the Kubler-Ross Transition model. This model with the emotional states of the undergoing staff is illustrated as follows: So according to this curve, GSK needed move toward that allows a soft transition from denial to recognition in a little time frame. GSK also needed to be changed to supply for this new CEDDs based RD division as there might be potential knowledge management matter among the centers and also they had to struggle for their budgeting needs. These issues in the enablers part of the EFQM would guide to the GSKs unhappy employees and consumers that in the long term will plan in weak pipeline which is one of the key performance indicator for GSK. Although the act taken by the administration to create the CEDDs can be seen as an unexpected one, but it took the trail of Organizational Development to establish this change into the culture of the organization. 07. Development and Adaption of appropriate models for the recommended Changes: In order to connect the improvements from this transform, GSK needed to apply the organizational improvement theories to cope the smooth midway period. The change from one RD division to seven independent group oriented CEDDs, can be represented in the following diagram: This structural change can only be possible if it is supported by a cultural change Handy (1993). Thus the business was faced with yet a new difficulty of changing the culture of the department to make the CEDDs work successfully. There are several models that illustrate this intangible attribute of a company on a map. One of the most accepted one is the Gottarna Cultural Map (Handy, 1993 Chorn, 2004). According to this diagram the culture of the organization can be exposed as I (Integration), D (Development), A (Administration) and P (Performance) logics or some arrangement of this. Thus the cultural change at GSK can be presented on the following axis: It shows that prior to the transform in the RD section the existing culture can be seen as a Power Culture and it was extra oriented to the development (D) area. Thus the sector was lacking a competitive atmosphere. The change in the organization of the department can be seen as a planned change in the culture to the performance (P) area that keeps an eye on the contest and uses creativeness and innovation in the limits of realism. This cultural alteration in turn needs a strategic coalition of the external internal players of the area. Strategic alignment for GSK is given below: (Best fit approach (Handy, 1993) The model illustrates the quantification of outside orientation of internal portion that includes leadership, society and plan. The fit among the internal external situation is the key to a constant competitive benefit and adds value for every stakeholders of the business. Although the vital aim of the planned change is on structural feature of the RD division but the impact also be seen on the culture of the division as well. The process of Cultural Change: The challenge was to inspire people and have possibility plans for this cultural transform at GlaxoSmithKlines RD section. The chance is infinite in an institute; the complex part is to decide which interventions are expected to have major impact. The company has adopted a four step procedure to beginning of cultural change. The change process has been a little customized from the force field analysis proposed by (Lewin 1951) to fit the transform situation of GSK. The steps that were undertaken by the group can be illustrates by the following diagram: By these four steps it covers the following points: Ensure that the RD department people know the pressure of transform. Grow and share a clear image about where the company and department is headed. Put in position the person, departmental and managerial capability for change. Have a preparation of action that outlines what has to be completed to get it all started. Lewins Three-Step model Managing Change includes the effectiveness policies and programs to allow those change agents to accomplish the new vision. For the work, I will be choosing Kurt Lewins 3- step model for the change of the organization. Lewin identified the role of habit in our thoughts and actions. Lewins basic change model of unfreezing, changing and refreezing to be a theoretical foundation upon which change theory could be built solidly in GlaxoSmithKline. Figure: Lewins Three-Step model of change Unfreezing (create dissatisfaction): Unfreezing is the basic step into the theory. It is about serving the stakeholders let go or not do things how they have always done. The effects of the driving and restraining forces appear to play at this step. If the restraining is larger than or equivalent to the driving forces there will be no transformation. So GlaxoSmithKline company must aware about their driving force and restraining to be successful of the change in the organization.The driving force must outweigh the restraining force in order for enough motivation to take place; merely introducing a driving force is not enough to cause a shift in the equilibrium of the perceived change (Schein, 1995). Moving (implementation): Moving to a new stage or changing means accurately that it is about changing the old actions with accomplishment that are reliable with the objective. To help retain the inspiration for change of the GSK, functioning in groups or obtaining support is useful. The process of change is not only done physically, it requires mental alterations (Tichey, 1997). Refreezing (Stabilization): This is the last stage in the 3-step model. When the transformation are taking figure and people have hold close the new behavior of functioning the organization is organized to refreeze. GSK needs to make sure that the changes of the company are used all the time and that they are integrated into everyday dealings. GSK can accomplish this step when most of their stakeholders normally take the creative action with no thinking, it turn into the model. The new action must be fitting to behaviors and characteristics of the individual to remain effective or the old action will reemerge (Schein, 1995). 08. Planning of Implementation and Possible Outcomes: GSK has provided clear guidelines for people to create the main first steps. It is obvious from the literature that the effectiveness of the change program depends upon the first steps taken (Andrew, 1995). The change attempts can fail because no one knows where to start Chorn (2004). It is required to break down the idea into its divided parts. SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Rational and Time bound objectives require to be setup. Then list the actions required to carry regarding these objectives must be done. Lastly set performance actions require to be taken care of. The stepwise approaches make sure that objectives are reached in time and the change takes place in a time bound frame. The change of the RD division from a particular unit to seven smaller, independent CEDDs and the cultural change which will accompany it can be seen like people oriented and also as ignoring the job needs. As the group will be working separately and there will be a contest among the teams therefore the position that can establish with over importance on teams can be revealed with John Adairs circles (Handy, 1993) bellow: Hence, in order to remain the team alert on the duty, the equilibrium among team, task and person needs must be catered. This can be completed by having a democratic leadership approach inside all CEDDs. GSK uses European Foundation for Quality Management (Excellence Model) to measure its performance (Simmons, 2003). The model has been used by the companies to measure their performance in different phase of change management. This structure provides a benchmark alongside the best apply not only in the business but also across various industries. The impact of transform on the business and in particular on the RD division is considered to be of competitive benefit for GlaxoSmithKline and can be represented on EFQM by using arrows in the following way: This shows the change method has an outcome on management, people, resources and process that will also impact on the effect of customers and key performance indicators. Conclusion: In order to sum it up, it can be accomplished that the content, framework and process adopted by GSK in the light of external market changes throughout the post merger combination of the corporation can be seen as a good apply in the change managing field. The study shows that the requirements for change projected by the management were desired at that time and the assessment strengthens this argument. The procedure adopted by the business can also be seen like one of the greatest practices to be used for benchmarking in the production because the cultural characteristics were marked and dealt with during the transformation. Therefore in light of the discussion provided with the help of relevant theories the change management at GSK of division of RD department into CEDDs can be used as benchmark for good practice for others in and across the industry. Word Count: 3784

Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Essay

Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process in Health Care In what way are the data collection procedures appropriate for this study? The data collection method that was used for this study was surveys and interview that was conducted with a pregnant or a parenting teen who was either pregnant or who gave birth to babies within two years prior to the dates of interviews. The individual interview method with the students was the primary method for collecting qualitative data. The data collection procedures were appropriate because the data information [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from direct interaction with individuals that was one to one basis or face to face. Although the interview methods were time-consuming, the information was more affluent and provided deeper insight. Data preparation involves checking or logging the data in; checking the data for accuracy; entering the data into the computer; transforming the data, and developing and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures In what way were appropriate steps taken to protect the rights of subjects? Potential research questions can give informed consent only if they have all the information about the study they need to decide whether to participate. Informed consent respects each’s right to make choices. Only after consent was obtained [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the  Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] , an interview was conducted. The survey was conducted [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] with the full cooperation of the Laurence Paquin School authority and the Baltimore Public School System. All subjects participated and completed the interviews on a voluntary basis. An incentive of $15 was provided [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voic e from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to each subject for participation in the survey In what way is the data collection tool used to support the reliability and validity of the study? The data for the present study came from a survey of a sample of African American girls pregnant and/or parenting teens during the period 2000 and 2001 from the alternative school, and a sample of comparable pregnant/or parenting teens who became pregnant while attending regular public schools within Baltimore Public School System, but did not attend any alternative comprehensive school for pregnant teens [A sentence as long as this (more than 50 words) can be confusing because the main idea is covered with additional information or because of changes and turns of logic or ideas. Cut the sentence into smaller sentences, each dealing with one idea.] . Surveys are widely used in education research, particularly in descriptive research studies. Once all of the participants had completed the study measures, and all of the data has been collected, the researcher prepared the data to be analyzed. Organizing the data correctly would save a lot of time and prevent mistakes. Most researchers choose to use a database or statistical analysis program that they can format to fit their needs in order to organize their data effectively (â€Å"A Study of An Alternative School  for Pregnant and/or Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence,† 2006. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for the data collected? The data analysis methods that was used in this study was appropriate because the researchers were collecting data from a sample of enrollees of such a school-based comprehensive program and comparing them with data collected from a sample of non-enrollees, the study systematically evaluates the program. Performing any accurate or similar operations needed to get quantitative information ready for analysis. This study used information that was gathered [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from their interviews and entered numerical observation into a chart, table, and spreadsheet that could be used for analysis. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for answering the research question or questions, for testing the study hypothesis or hypotheses, or both? In order for the researchers to performed multivariate analysis they use comparison charts based on information gathered from the surveys and interviews in order to find the hypothesis of the Paquin School enrollment versus the public school systems. The results of the analysis of school grade point average, intention to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, practice of breastfeeding at any time, future intention to breastfeed, current use of any contraceptive methods, and present use of Depo- Provera. There were focus groups that provided data charts that also exhibits the results of the analyses of lengths of gestation and birth weights of babies born to the teens by least square regression models in each of the dependent variables—school grade point average, aspiration to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, and current contraceptive use, Identify the strengths of the scientific merit of this study. What are weaknesses? Unlike numbers or â€Å"firm data,† qualitative information has a tendency to be â€Å"lenient,† which means it cannot always be condensed [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more  vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to something certain. That is in some ways a weakness, but it is also a strength. The numbers from observation may tell you how well the pregnant teen or teen parents did in either school but the look on their face on graduation day or the satisfaction on the healthy baby’s faces may tell you even more about the effect of the results on them. That look cannot be translated [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] into a number. That interpretation may be far more valuable in helping that student succeed than knowing her statistical stance in a study. What are the key distinctions between qualitative and quantitative data? The study design that is used [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] in this study is a systematic review and a meta-analysis view. The difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis is that a systematic review looks at the whole picture (qualitative view) while a meta-analysis looks at the particular statistical picture (quantitative view). This is a study of an alternative school for pregnant and parenting teens demonstrating quantitative and qualitative evidence. Conclusion In conclusion [Add comma here for clarity or to offset an afterthought from the rest of the sentence] the finding from this study is that the components of a school-based comprehensive program may provide multiple  opportunities to solve the multiple problems faced by the pregnant and parenting teens, thereby minimizing missed opportunities to serve them effectively. This is also consistent with the notion that school continuation and other facets of well-being of the teens and their children are highly related, and that better utilization of an integrated range of health, educational, and social services will follow improved academic achievement, enlarged employment opportunities, and a brighter sense of the future. The finding of the study does support the hypotheses. Availability of these services decreases not only the adverse consequences of teenage pregnancy and parenthood among the teenagers, but also adverse financial, and human resources cost to the society. The focus group sessions with the teenagers demonstrate the enormous odds that pregnant adolescents face when they become pregnant. Many of the problems seem to be beyond the capacity of the teenagers’ low-income families to handle on their own, let alone the capacity of the teenagers themselves. Therefore, policy planners and program administrators should develop strategies to foster inter-agency or interdepartmental collaborations and funding’s to encourage and assist school districts in planning and initiating, or strengthening, comprehensive school-based alternative programs to deal with the multiple problems faced by pregnant teens from disadvantaged backgrounds. [Please check the Reference and Citation Examples document in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for examples of correct formatting. Then carefully check your citations and references to be sure that they are formatted correctly.The hanging indent is backwards] References A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449 A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449

The Forest, The Silence Of God From A Spring Essay

I Drank the Silence of God from a Spring in the Woods: Examining the Variance of Religious Metamorphosis as a Journey through the Forest Following the myriad of idyllic forest pathways, the wandering souls of many well-known works of literature have presented the forest as a place of spiritual growth, yet also as a home for dangerous and malicious beings. While the trails in the woods that these characters take may lead them to their destination, it is often seen that these individuals come across guides, groups, and figures that influence which road is, or rather is not, taken. By this means, the forest is misrepresented as the sole symbol of religious metamorphosis. In exploring forest symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown,† I have found similarities that exist between this story and Dante Alighieri’s â€Å"Inferno.† By juxtaposing these commonalities, I argue that the forest is an allegory for the spiritual journey that a person who has lost their way in their faith must take; however , those figures that this pilgrim meets along the way will ultimately lead the person to their final resolution as to either keeping or losing their faith. Through extensive research and analysis, I have found evidence that allows me to connect these concepts with the ideologies of the era as well as the historical aspects that influenced these authors to take these distinct literary routes. For these authors, the experiences that they have had with religion and societyShow MoreRelatedJohn Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn1778 Words   |  7 Pagestried to find a getaway from the industrial society back to nature, where they could create. 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Cleboune’s, and Bathes’ of Cheatham’s Corpes† (Banks 49). These divisions were marched from Spring Hill to Franklin. These men were worn out. They were tired and exhausted which probably made them not ready forRead MoreEssay on Voice, Words and Sound in Heart of Darkness2073 Words   |  9 Pagesscreech after screech hurriedly. The tumult of angry and warlike yells was checked instantly, and then from the depths of the woods went out such a tremulous and prolonged wail of mournful fear and utte r despair as may be imagined to follow the flight of the last hope from the earth. There was a great commotion in the bush; the shower of arrows stopped, a few dropping shots rang out sharply—then silence, in which the languid beat of the stern-wheel came plainly to my ears’ (Conrad, 82). The whistleRead MoreGreek Mythology : Gods And Goddesses1725 Words   |  7 PagesCarine Kessie English 2010-29 Prof: Van De Water April 21, 2017 Greek Mythology: Gods and Goddesses, The ancients Greeks were polytheistic which means they used to worship many gods. Greek gods and goddesses used to live at the top of Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. However, despite their great powers, gods and goddesses were much like humans, and sometimes they had to come down to hearth to get involved and intervened in the affairs of mortals, involving with men and women as patronsRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesher kinsmen. She was ostracized by Aunt Reed from the rest of the family. At one point when her Aunt became extremely oppressive, she locked adolescent Jane into the dreaded â€Å"red room†, where Mr. Reed had died. She was frightened that his spirit haunted the room. Jane clearly describes how she feels when saying, â€Å"†¦I lifted my head and tried to look boldly round the dark room: at that moment a light gleamed on the wall. Was it, I asked myself, a ray from the moon penetrating some aperture I the b lindRead MoreCamelot Poem Analysis2223 Words   |  9 Pagessoldiers; they were fighting machines in a troubled time filled with turmoil. Among all of the kings, there was one prodigy named Arthur; Arthur stood among the highest; almost untouchable from his fellow peers. His courage and aptitude for ruling were ever so present during his time as king, gaining the respect from his kingdom, Camelot. Despite the respect his knights had for the king, Arthur met with a most pitiful excuse for men that he had ever seen on one winter night. During ChristmastimeRead MoreEssay on Altered Reality in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness2227 Words   |  9 PagesThe person will attempt to escape from these perceptions into restless external activity (talking, moving around, etc.) or into conceptual, analytic, mental activity (Leary, 57).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no absence of disturbing sounds in Heart of Darkness. Through the overwhelming silence of the forest Marlow hears the sounds of the colonizers and the sounds of the Africans. These sounds are almost always negative. There are the sounds of inane blasting and shelling from the colonizers, and when Marlow’sRead MoreIn Tree At My Window, by Robert Frost.2307 Words   |  10 Pagescommitted suicide. Spring Pools is a reflection on Frosts inner emotions in dealing with the deaths of his children. The pools, that though in forests, still reflect / The total sky almost without defect, are his children. He speaks of their innocence, and the fact that they are too young to know the imperfections of the world, too young to be jaded, or even scared of their forthcoming death. The poem is entitled Spring Pools, however; it does not give an illusion of Spring in the traditionalRead More A Jungian Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay3198 Words   |  13 Pagesmore sources I sought, the greater the amount of differing opinions and convoluted versions I uncovered. In an effort to remain true to the epic, I will mainly be referring to the book, World Mythology, written by Donna Rosenberg with a few inclusions from Kovacs translations. Although Rosenbergs version lacks the flair of the latter, it provides a simple doorway opening to a complicated, yet profound, tale of the first great epic that brings time, mortality, and the anguish of humanity into a world

One flew over the cuckoos nest Essay - 648 Words

In the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Kesey makes many allusions to McMurphy as a Christ-like figure. As the story progresses the religious references increase and become more evident. Any character can be a Christ figure, â€Å"where you find them, and as you find them. If the indicators are there, then there is some basis for drawing the conclusion† (Foster, 2003, p.123). Throughout the novel McMurphy’s actions parallel the actions of Christ. From the beginning it was clear McMurphy was different from the other patients. As his visit prolonged, McMurphy began to care for the patients much like Christ cared for his followers. In order to depict this similarity, Kesey used foreshadowing, events, and feelings. Primarily, McMurphy†¦show more content†¦McMurphy does the same. One of the patients on the ward, known as Chief hid from everyone the fact that he could hear and speak. McMurphy was the one that encouraged Chief to speak for the first time after so many years of silence, when he said, â€Å"Thank-you† (Kesey, 1962, p.217). This ultimately healed Chief of his illness. McMurphy’s actions parallel the miracles performed by Jesus. Finally, McMurphy makes the ultimate sacrifice to represent a Christ figure. After an incident on the ward, McMurphy was sent to another building to receive electroshock therapy (EST) after he refused to admit he was wrong to the Nurse. A denial to one’s actions reminds us of Christ’s refusal to deny his faith and his father. Like Christ denying his faith, if McMurphy had admitted he was in the wrong, he would have been spared his life. McMurphy refused to give up and sacrificed himself for all the patients. While receiving shock treatments, he was placed upon a cross-shaped table which is unmistakably a reference to the crucifixion of Jesus. Both men suffered, one on the cross-shaped table, the other on a cross. Before one of his treatments, McMurphy even asked for a crown of thorns (Kesey, 1962, p. 283). These references solidify McMurphy as a Christ figure. All in all, Kesey’s development of his character McMurphy leads us to believe he represents Christ. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is about one man sharing his experiences and changingShow MoreRelatedOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest1403 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Written Assignment- One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Mr. Rader 23 November 2016 Word Count: 1411 In the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the author Ken Kesey 1.enthralls the reader’s attention by displaying events of 2.diminished 3.humanity all throughout the book. This book revolves around the idea that women may be a threat to the masculinity of mental ward patients. The manipulation that occurs within the ward has do with making other characters betray one another and reveal theirRead More One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay2464 Words   |  10 Pages One Flew Over The Cuckooamp;#8217;s Nest The significance of the title can be interpreted in this quote. The story is about a struggle in a psychiatric ward, where many amp;#8220;cuckoos; reside, amp;#8220;Ting. Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, sheamp;#8217;s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts amp;#8216;em in pensamp;#8230; wire blier, limber lock, three geese inna flockamp;#8230; one flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckooamp;#8217;s nestamp;#8230; O-U-T spells outamp;#8230;Read MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages The Truth Even If It Didn’t Happen: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest By: Aubree Martinez Period 1 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey is one of the greatest novels of the 1960s that expertly uses mental illness, rebellion, and abused authority to captivate the readers. This book is densely populated with interesting characters, such as the new admission R.P. McMurphy, that makes you dive below the surface of sanity, rebellion, and authoritative issues that are spread throughoutRead MoreSummary Of One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest 1489 Words   |  6 PagesDelgado Period 7 One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay Prompt: 2. Does McMurphy win or lose his battle with Nurse Ratched? Justify your answer with three specific examples from the text. ​Red haired, rowdy, and raunchy are three words to describe the crazy, infamous McMurphy, while the Nurse is a prude, prideful and frigid ruler who is power-hungry over the mental institution. These two mixed together lead to a cunning war of dominance in the hospital. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is a 1962 novelRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1541 Words   |  7 Pages One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey. The book was published in 1962, by Signet, an imprint of New American Library. The book itself has 325 pages total, and rather than being divided into chapters, it is divided into sections. As a result of this, I doubled the required number of questions needed for the study guide section of this project, and based them off of each specific section. This book tells the story of how a troublemaker named Randle McMurphy, a manRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1161 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever been to a mental institution? The novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is about Randall McMurphy becoming a patient in a mental institution. McMurphy is a white-trash degenerate with many problems, but mental instability is not one of them. He is an alcoholic with a gambling problem that gets into fights. He was recently convicted of alleged rape. McMurphy, somehow, conned his way into being enrolled into the mental institution instead of going to a work farm for his actions, â€Å"theRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay2656 Words   |  11 PagesOne Flew Over The Cuckoo#8217;s Nest The significance of the title can be interpreted in this quote. The story is about a struggle in a psychiatric ward, where many #8220;cuckoos#8221; reside, #8220;Ting. Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, she#8217;s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts #8216;em in pens#8230; wire blier, limber lock, three geese inna flock#8230; one flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckoo#8217;s nest#8230; O-U-T spells out#8230; goose swoops down and plucksRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1549 Words   |  7 PagesOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In today’s world with the recent chaos that has erupted many people tend to think that the world has become insane and that they are the last sane individuals alive. However, in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest the ones who are seeking treatment for insanity seem more reasonable then the sane ones. This is because in the novel, the person that holds jurisdiction, Nurse Ratched also maintains a fearsome reputation. Many people would agree that the theme thatRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Subversion of Gender Roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In today s society, as well as in the past, men are typically placed in a position of power over women. Although gender equality is increasing, a more patriarchal society is considered to be the norm. However, in certain situations the gender roles that are played by men and women are reversed, and women hold most, if not all of the power. Such as in Ken Kesey s novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest, in this instance the ward is aRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2100 Words   |  9 PagesIn One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the narrator, Chief Bromden, perceives the Big Nurse as the evil head of the mental institution for a decade because he is â€Å"dehumanized to a machine created by the evil Nurse Ratched† (Porter 49), he befriends Mr. Randle McMurphy, or just Mac, and is able to recover back to feeling human emotions. The Nurse, as a matter of fact, is not actually cruel, but just doing her daily duties at the ward. Every single complication, dilemma, and dis pute that arises subsequent

My Leadership Qualities Were Developed Through Working...

It was the first day of class when my professor asked whether we would prefer an unconventional approach towards learning about critical thinking throughout the semester? And as you have guessed, almost all the students said yes in regards to the approval of the notion. As a result, instead of reading multiple chapters from the book and taking multiple-choice questions exam, we took part in volunteer programs. A program which was substituted as a class project along with another simple task. This paper will analyze on the following aspects of the class project. Firstly, how my leadership qualities were developed through working with the disabled students? Secondly, the conflicts I faced through the semester and their resolutions. And†¦show more content†¦Through such communications, we were able to conduct the project in a smooth and uninterrupted manner. Hence, my communication aspect of my leadership skills enhanced further. Let’s move on to the next topic, which is the conflict resolution strategy. Conflicts can be resolved in many different ways, but according to the University of Notre Dame, one of the best way to do so is through compromising. Compromising is a big step toward conflict resolution. Both courage and consideration are used when both parties look for common ground. You agree to negotiate larger points and let go of the smaller points; this style expedites the resolution process. Throughout the semester, I had the experience of dealing with 4 different schedules. Everyone was not available at a certain time together. Some of them do not come to school on certain days, the reason being that they live in New Jersey. As a result, being the leader of the group, I had to cancel some of my personal agendas to make time for the group project. An example of such incidence will be the day of the presentation, on which our group shared information about the various leadership opportunities a round campus to our clients. That was one of the days, when I had to reschedule my braces tightening appointment till the following week. Hence, one of the conflicts between our schedules were resolved through the process of compromising. Transformational volunteering is notShow MoreRelatedServant Leadership Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesServant Leadership is a leadership style that leads by example, does not take credit for deeds done, and makes themselves as humble as possible to serve others. Servant leadership is focusing on serving the highest needs of others to help another individual achieve their personal goals. Servant leadership has to be developed by the person in the leadership role. The leader has got to be aware of themselves as a person before they can be aware of someone else’s needs. The leader has to be a moralRead MoreEssay On Social Work733 Words   |  3 Pagestheir problems and have the best quality of life they possible can. I understand that social work is a challenging occupation; however, I believe I have the skills and determination to pursue a career in social work. My main curricular interests are in social subjects such as geography and history. I enjoy finding out about the wo rld and the people. This year, I have been awarded with a Saltire Award, as I have been involved in a paired reading programme with a student who has reading difficultiesRead MoreWhy School And Learning Have Become An Entity Of Strength1225 Words   |  5 Pages(n.d.). Through experience, findings, and reflecting as to why school and learning have become an entity of strength, the history of a paradigm is relevant throughout understanding this warrant. â€Å"This paradigm of schooling was developed in the 1800s and popularized throughout most of the 20th century. Often called the â€Å"factory model,† it drew from the fields of sociology, business, and religion† (p. 5). Ingenious, these factors offset the balance of divine creativity; in which, disabled individualsRead MoreA Student Desk That Will Be More Efficient For The Students1771 Words   |  8 PagesFor my design I will do a student desk that will be more efficient for the students to work on. The age range for the desk can be f rom third-graders to any age student. For the desk I will be creating, the gender does not matter. The occupation for my desk will be for students to work on and also have extra things to meet their needs. This desk I will be creating could be for anyone, ranging from an amateur to a professional. The desk could be for non-disabled students to disabled students. The targetRead MoreGood Habits of Character are Necessary for Teachers and Their Administators2924 Words   |  12 Pages I feel it is important for educators and administrators to develop good habits of character, such as self-respect, generosity, good temper, and sincerity to name a few. Since good habits of character are developed in our youth, adults are responsible for instilling values in the young. It is important that teachers and administrators promote and maintain a high level of competence and integrity in practicing their profession. Without good habits of character, it would be impossible to teachRead Mo reTheory to Practice Literature Review3533 Words   |  15 Pagesexplaining how that particular theory can be used in my own nursing administrative practice. The Last stage is summarizing the paper and listing the references in alphabetical order. Pressure sore and skin tear prevention and treatment during a 10-month program Brillhart (2005) article reports the effectiveness of a 10-month skin care program conducted in residential Alzheimer’s disease unit. In this study 30 clients were selected, in which 26 were free of skin tear and 4 clients had stage I pressureRead MoreEffective Instruction for Inclusive Education Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesIn recent years, several events have contributed to the increased participation of students with disabilities in regular classroom setting. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) stipulated that no more than 2% of the population be excluded from federal or state mandated testing. This means that all but the most severely disabled students will be held responsible for the material on yearly achievement tests and high stakes tests at the high school level. NCLB also requires that the teacherRead MoreThe Intersection Of Inclusion, School Culture, And Social Jus Tice Leadership7770 Words   |  32 PagesTHE INTERSECTION OF INCLUSION, SCHOOL CULTURE , AND SOCIAL JUS-TICE LEADERSHIP Educating students with disabilities has evolved immensely throughout history. Initially, students with disabilities were isolated and institutionalized. Society s perception was that it was not necessary or beneficial to invest time or resources into this group of people (Spaulding Pratt, 2015; Dybwad, 1990; Winzer, 1998). Direct advocacy and litigations caused changes in federal legislation (Griffith, 2015; LloydRead MoreSample Resume : My Service Learning Practicum3636 Words   |  15 Pages 2 Introduction My service-learning practicum takes place in the community setting at Connaught Elementary School in St. Catharines. At Connaught, I am doing a one-on-one mentorship with a grade eight student to help her with her transition into high school. I am at the school twice a week for a half hour; however this position requires a lot of pre planning outside of the school, in order to effectively help her with her transition. My tasks include preparing different activitiesRead MoreMy Service Learning Practicum At Connaught Elementary School3632 Words   |  15 PagesMy service-learning practicum takes place in the community setting at Connaught Elementary School in St. Catharines. At Connaught, I am doing a one-on-one mentorship with a grade eight student to help her with her transition into high school. I am at the school twice a week for a half hour; however this position requires a lot of pre planning outside of the school, in order to effectively help her with her transition. My tasks include preparing different activities for each time I go into placement

Discuss the View That Roles of Men and Women in the Family are Becoming More Equal Free Essays

The aim of this essay is to attempt to come to a conclusion as to whether the gender roles within the modern-day family are equal, whether they are becoming more equal, and whether they shall ever be equal. In doing this, we shall have to study the views and opinions of many schools of thought, the results of different studies, and recognise and fully appreciate the arguments of different people and groups. The title question itself raises many debateable points, as it makes assumptions that ignore the diversity of the family. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the View That Roles of Men and Women in the Family are Becoming More Equal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, and most obviously, the question assumes we shall only deal with heterosexually based families, not same-sex relationships. While same-sex families most definitely exist, they are a minority and do not really come into the issue of gender, therefore I shall ignore them for the course of this essay. Secondly, no two families are exactly the same. Families in different countries will no doubt have different attitudes on the subject of equality, and there will be noticeable differences across race, class and culture divisions, as well as between two different families with (superficially at least) a lot in common. This type of diversity would require its own set of studies and essays, and so for the sake of this essay I shall limit my studies to families from this country, and to statistical evidence; rather than individual families. There are many different views concerning the equality between men and women in the family. The traditional nuclear family as we consider it today would be a married man and woman with children, with the man going out to paid employment and the woman staying at home to do housework and look after the childrenWillmott and Young’s views are similar to those of Postmodernists, a sociological school of thought that developed in the 1980s. Postmodernists believe that we live in a postmodern world, where differences in gender, race, class etc are now obsolete. As a result, they see gender roles in the family to be equal and egalitarian, and claim that any inequality or dissimilarity between gender roles in individual families is due to the choice of the members within the family. Many people have attacked Willmott and Young’s study, claiming insignificant evidence and inaccurate methodology to back up their conclusions. Edgell’s Middle Class Couples (1980) claims that while the division of housework is more equal than in the past, the vast majority of families are far from being egalitarian. Edgell also puts emphasis on the fact that the division power within the family also still seems unequal, with men making the majority of decisions for the family. Many feminists also claimed that the statistics show that men still do a disproportionately small amount of work at home. While some more liberal feminists believe we are on a steady path to gender equality within the family, many more hard-line and radical feminists argue that gender roles are far from equal. Ann Oakley’s The Sociology of Housework (1974) and Housewife (1976) argue that modern women work a ‘double-shift’, juggling full-time employment and housework. Oakley claims that â€Å"One occupation in particular, that of housewife, is exclusively feminine. In Britain, 76% of all employed women are housewives and so are 93% of non-employed women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Housewife (1976). She argues that while feminism has forced change in waged employment, social attitudes in the home remain the same. According to Oakley, men do very little in the home, with dishwashing being the only housework men do more than women. She also argues that men see doing housework as a favour to their wives, rather than a duty; and that childcare for most men is merely a spasmodic activity of recreation. Many other sociologists attack Oakley’s views, accusing her of hypocrisy as she attacked Willmott and Young’s methodology, while her own studies into housework completely ignore the more traditional male jobs, such as DIY, operating machinery, gardening, simple household repairs and so on. A. Warde’s Domestic Divisions of Labour (1990) offers a more well rounded view: * Male Partner Female Partner Shared Plastering 32 4 2 Tidying Up 2 67 23 Cooking 4 77 17 Checking Car Oil 79 9 2 Bathing Children 22 44 33 It may also be important that the female-dominated jobs (Tidying up, Cooking, Bathing children) are much more often ‘shared’ than the male-dominated ones (Checking Car Oil, Plastering) Burghes (1997) argues against Oakley’s dismissal of male childcare, stating that more fathers are taking an active role in the emotional development and support of their children. Marxists argue that the traditional nuclear family was merely a way for the capitalist class to control and exploit the proletariat through ideology. Therefore, Marxist-Feminists believe in a ‘patriarchal ideology’, in which girls are socialised into a male-led world to accept their role as housewives, and make marriage and family their main goal. In turn, this will benefit the capitalist society by keeping the status quo, and creating a new generation of similarly socialised male workers and female housewives. Marxist-Feminists believe this patriarchy occurs at all levels of society, from making girls wear skirts to advertising dolls on television, and that to truly achieve gender equality we must dispense with socialising our children into gender roles. People often dismiss this view, claiming that gaining equality should not mean compromising identity, and many other feminists believe that retaining their femininity is as important a part of the struggle for equality as gaining equal rights. The New Right believe that the nuclear family is the ideal family structure, and that Britain went through a ‘Golden Age’ during the 1950s. Since then, they claim that feminism and equal rights have caused women to demand jobs, and thus be absent from home. As a result, the New Right argue that this puts stress on the nuclear family, often tearing it apart, and that absent parents cause deviance and social problems amongst their children. They claim that this has caused a decline in the family, and an increase in what they consider social problems (egg divorce, single-parent families). They believe that the current equal rights movement is wrong, and that people should return to the traditional nuclear family, which gives everyone an equal but separate, individual role. These views are similar to those of functionalists. Functionalists also believe that the nuclear family is the perfect and desired family type, as each member is supported within the family unit, and each person agrees on their role within the family to keep it working. Robin Fox (1969) argued that roles in the family were based on biological rules, while Talcott Parsons (1955) took a similar view, claiming that naturally women are best at ‘expressive’ roles, such as caring, empathising and socialising, while men are best at ‘instrumental’ roles, such as working for money. Therefore, functionalists believe that biological factors determine gender roles within the family, and the traditional roles within the nuclear family are the perfect representation of these roles. What is more, functionalist claim there is a consensus within the family, whereby all members of the family agree to these roles. These functionalist and new right views are viciously attacked by Marxists, feminists and postmodernists, all of whom agree that gender roles are culturally, not biologically, determined. Marxist-feminists claim that the consensus is an illusion, as women only accept their roles in the traditional family as they have been socialised to do so by patriarchal ideologies. All feminists also disagree with the New Right idea of the ‘perfect’ nuclear family and the ‘Golden Age’, claiming that all these things did were control and manipulate women, and that roles within such families were never equal. As this essay has shown us, views on gender roles in the family are fiercely contested, and opinions differ drastically. Functionalists and the New Right insist that gender roles in the family are biologically intended to be different, and were most equal in the traditional, nuclear family. Postmodernists and followers of Willmott and Young claim we have moved into an era of egalitarianism, where gender roles are shared and equal. Feminists argue that while there has been a small amount of progress, gender roles are far from equal, and females still have a much worse ‘deal’ than males. I have attempted to fully understand all these points of view, and come to a fair conclusion. In truth, it seems to me that the real nature of gender roles within the family is somewhere between all these points of view. I believe that as we currently stand, gender roles are equal, but not egalitarian. More males share more of the housework and childcare than ever, while more females are pursuing careers and learning what were traditionally ‘male’ skills (eg DIY, repair, vehicle maintenance etc). People tend to still do jobs that were traditionally considered ‘right’ for their sex, and there are most definitely still differences between the genders, but these boundaries are being pushed every day, and more and more families are sharing more jobs and decisions. I think we must remember that social attitudes take more time to change than social actions, and we must recognise that change is occurring. Since the 1970s, when Ann Oakley wrote her books on housework, we have seen the rise of the ‘new man’ and ‘house-husbands’. Meanwhile, more and more women are proving Fox’s and Parsons’ theories of biologically determined roles to be wrong. Not all families will follow the statistics; there will always be a few male-dominated households, just as there are now ‘role-reversal’ families. And families will always differ slightly from each other. But within a few generations, I believe that Willmott and Young’s vision of an egalitarian family will become our view of the majority of families, as we’re halfway there already. How to cite Discuss the View That Roles of Men and Women in the Family are Becoming More Equal, Essays

Business Culture in Japan-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: You are to prepare a formal analytical essay on Japanese Business Etiquette and steps that Emily can use to make a favourable first impression when she visits Japan to meet with Mr. Hamasaki. Answer: Introduction Communication and understanding the ways to build a cross-cultural communication is an important weapon that benefits an individual or a business (Kinloch Metge, 2014). This is very important at workplace as well as at the socially gathered places. Nevertheless, communication is very important to make other understand the personal or the business requirement. In the given case study, Emily is a passionate businessperson who has string beliefs in food business. Her family had long connection to the various food preparation related works. This is why Emily has some interesting recipes as well using which she had already earned a good reputation in Australia. However, Emily wanted to move to Japan for expanding her existing business. Emily is very sure that her plan would work. However, it is very necessary that Emily have adequate information on the cultural beliefs of the Japanese people. Additionally, Emily needs to impress Mr. Hamasaki on her first meeting as this would build up a good rapport between them and would open up ways for future relations. The main purpose of this assignment is to recommend some ways to Emily, which she could use to impress Mr. Hamasaki and could, establish a desired business. Business culture in Japan It is necessary to first understand the culture of Japan, as Japanese people are very specific to their cultural beliefs. Emily on the other hand has decided to have talks with Mr. Hamasaki for her proposed business. It is necessary for Emily that she takes care of all the cultural beliefs, which is common to Japanese people. Japanese are very specific to their dressing attires. They used to be in full formal when they are in office. They do not respect wearing casual attires at the workplaces. However, it does not mean that they do not allow wearing casuals; however, this indeed means that they have high respect to formals at the workplace. Emily needs to be in complete formal before her meeting with Mr. Hamasaki (Sugimoto Swain, 2016). This would help Emily reach easily to Mr. Hamasaki and start up her meeting. Another important matter is to bow the heads down while meeting with Mr. Hamasaki as it is the cultural style of meeting of the Japanese people (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Add itionally, Emily should give high respect to Mr. Hamasaki while going close to seats. In Japan, the headperson used to seat at the centre position while its subordinates at both sides of the table (MacWilliams, 2014). Emily should proactively ask Mr. Hamasaki to seat at the centre position. This would reflect her respect to the man, which is very important to initiate and successfully carry out the business meeting. Hofstedes cultural Dimension Apart from all the basic information that has been provided on the business culture of Japanese people, it is necessary as well, that Emily makes a note of few adjustments that are important for a successful meeting. Those important notes are on the cultural differences that exist in between the Australian and the Japanese people. Hofstedes Cultural Dimension in this regard is very helpful as this provide a comparative study of cultures in both the countries based on the scores of different cultural factors in Hofstedes model. Hofstede has given six dimensions to compare the cultural differences in two countries or more. Those six dimensions are Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long Term Orientation and Indulgence (Taras, Steel Kirkman, 2012). All the dimensions are checked based on High vs. Low factors in which high factor would define different meaning whereas the low factor would define the otherwise meaning (Obeidat et al., 2012). Hofstedes cult ural dimension is extremely important for conducting a cross-cultural business. Emily has decided to expand her food business to Japan, which is why it is necessary that Emily take care of the cultural beliefs of Japan. Nevertheless, Hofstedes model is a good way to understand the cross-cultural differences in between two countries. This is very necessary because it helps to connect with people having different cultural beliefs. It also teaches on the cultural adjustments that one needs to implement while moving to a culturally different country. Cultural adjustments for Emily to fetch success in Japan The facts on Hofstedes Cultural Dimension on Australia and Japan illustrate that organizational structure in Australia is more flat than Japan, which means that employees and supervisors would have equal values at the workplace. Japan is close to Australia but considerably below to the country. Therefore, Emily should prepare herself for a fact that supervisors in Japan have higher values to their employees at the workplace. Emily should adjust on the gaps and try to behave more politely with Mr. Hamasaki to establish a good business relationship. Emily can offer some gifts to Mr. Hamasaki in her first meeting with the person. This would help her leave a good impression on Mr. Hamasaki (Shively, 2015). Australia scores high on individualism whereas Japan scores low. This means that Australians have high values to their individual goals. They have high respect to privacy of others. On contrary to this, Japanese have partial feeling towards common goal. They work more for their benefit s. In such circumstances, it is necessary for Emily that she takes advantage of such cultural beliefs of Japanese people. Emily needs to show the benefits of the proposed business to Mr. Hamasaki (Shively, 2015). This would help her get good support of Mr. Hamasaki on her proposed food business. The masculinity rate is very high in Japan than to Australia. It simply means that Japanese have high egos and such culture would give birth to gender biasness at the workplace. In such circumstances, it is necessary that Emily prepare herself for precise targets (Shively, 2015). This is because Japanese work for targets and are keen to get rewards benefits. Emily needs to show the benefits of business to Mr. Hamasaki in order to get a better assistance. Japan scores high on uncertainty avoidance, which means that they have rigid and conservative mind. They are very expressive as well. They are allowed express their emotions as well. They are highly energetic as well. Emily should use a clear and concise approach to make Mr. Hamasaki understand the goal of the proposed business relationships (Mathews White, 2012). This would also help Emily get required assistance from Mr. Hamasaki. Japan scores high in long-term orientation, which means that they believe in long-term goal. They see any business from the perspectives of long-term goal. It is necessary for Emily that she makes Mr. Hamasaki understand the long-term benefits of the proposed business (Sugimoto, 2014). This would help Mr. Hamasaki relate his interest with the proposed business of Emily. Japan scores comparatively lower to Australia in terms of indulgence, which means that they have less inclination to enjoyment while working. They have comparatively less passion for work life balance. It is then necessary for Emily to adapt the working behaviour of Japanese people (Dore Sako, 2012). Moreover, this would help Emily adjust with the working beliefs of the Japanese people. It is indeed difficult for someone who is from Australia and willing to work with Japanese people. Adapting the work nature is indeed difficult because it requires a scuffling from one culture to another. In case of Emily, it is indeed challenging because the work culture of Japan is largely different to Australia. Conclusion The above discussion on Hofstedes Cultural Dimension have made this clear that Emily had to adjust on some cultural beliefs, which she had while working in Australia. There are notable differences in the cultural beliefs of the Australian and the Japanese people. Emily is required to adjust on her working nature. She needs to adapt to the working nature of Japanese people. She is from Australia and she loves to enjoy her work, which means that she has high values to work life balance. However, Japanese do not have high passion for work life balance. They rather adore a highly energetic commitment to their works, which means Emily would need to adjust on her attitude for work life balance and try to adapt the working nature of the country. This is indeed difficult for Emily to work according to the working culture of Japan. Japanese people have less passion for work life balance whereas Australian people are highly addicted to work life balance. Emily is required to work energetically without showing any sign of tiredness, as she would be operating in such an environment where people prefer hard works without any sign of needs for entertaining job nature. They understand success and they try to achieve so for any cost whereas Australians adore work life balance more. Emily needs to avoid making jokes while being in any session as Japanese people are very specific to their work and does not like any kind of interferences. Emily needs to be highly job oriented, which means she would get less time to make fun. 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